UTTAR PRADESH JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY

Many antibiotics and other antimicrobial medicines become ineffective due to antimicrobial resistance, which is a serious danger to global health.  Numerous bacterial survival tactics, such as the enzymatic breakdown of antibiotics, target site changes, efflux pumps, decreased membrane permeability, and biofilm development, are responsible for this phenomenon. The spread of resistance is accelerated by genetic elements that facilitate horizontal gene transfer, such as integrins, transposons, and plasmids. The overuse and abuse of antibiotics in agricultural and human health, inadequate infection control procedures, environmental contamination, and international travel are major causes of antimicrobial resistance. AMR has serious repercussions, including longer illness duration, higher mortality, and a large financial strain on healthcare systems. To combat this crisis, a multifaceted approach is necessary, incorporating novel antimicrobial development, antibiotic stewardship programs, infection prevention strategies, global surveillance, and regulatory interventions. Alternative therapies such as phage therapy, antimicrobial peptides, and microbiome-based treatments offer promising solutions. Additionally, public awareness campaigns and responsible antibiotic use are critical for slowing resistance progression. Governments, medical professionals, researchers, and the general public must work together to combat AMR globally.  Designing successful ways to lessen the effects of AMR requires an understanding of its molecular mechanics and causes. AMR poses an existential threat to contemporary medicine since it may usher in a post-antibiotic age in which common infections are incurable without immediate intervention.