Sustainable Livelihood Strategies for Coastal Fishers: A Review of Opportunities and Enabling Policies in India
V.Gomathy *
Department of Fisheries Extension, Economics and Statistics, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Tamil Nadu - 628008, India.
Geetha M
Department of Fisheries Extension, Economics and Statistics, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Tamil Nadu - 628008, India.
G.Arul Oli
Department of Fisheries Extension, Economics and Statistics, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Tamil Nadu - 628008, India.
Nikita Gopal
ICAR - Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Cochin, Kerala – 682029, India.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
The growing demand for fish presents an opportunity for fishers to enhance their income, but sustainable use of marine resources remains crucial. Thus, the paper aims to review various livelihood opportunities and enabling policy frameworks. Adopting alternate livelihood models such as shrimp farming, open cage farming, and seaweed cultivation can improve the socio-economic well-being of coastal communities. These sectors are supported through comprehensive policy frameworks like PMMSY, FIDF, and targeted subsidies that lower input costs and promote sustainability. Marine ornamental fish culture offers high-value diversification, supported by initiatives such as the Aquatic Rainbow Technology Park and hatchery programs. Digital marketing and eco-tourism provide innovative income avenues, with government support through tools like FMPIS, Mobile apps, Swadesh Darshan, and the Responsible Tourism Mission. These policy-driven interventions enhance the livelihoods of fishers through socio-economic upliftment, while promoting sustainable resource management.
Keywords: Alternative livelihoods, coastal fishers, eco-tourism, economic analysis, benefit-cost ratio