White Feces Syndrome and Its Management in the Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei Culture: A Comprehensive Review
V. Venkateswarlu
Department of Marine Biology, Vikrama Simhapuri University, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, 524 324, India.
Ch. Venkatrayulu
Department of Marine Biology, Vikrama Simhapuri University, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, 524 324, India.
SVL Alekhya
Department of Marine Biology, Vikrama Simhapuri University, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, 524 324, India.
A.V. Raghavachary
Department of Fishery Science and Aquaculture, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, 524 324, India.
SB Sainath *
Department of Biotechnology, Vikrama Simhapuri University, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, 524 324, India.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
White Feces Syndrome (WFS), also known as White Gut Disease, is a widespread and economically significant condition affecting the global aquaculture industry that produces Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). This condition is distinguished by the presence of pale or white excrement. In shrimp that have been impacted, there are digestive issues. White gut disease in L. vannamei has several contributing factors, but its exact etiology is unknown. According to the current study, a better understanding of multifactorial illness-which involves a confluence of infectious agents, dietary imbalances, environmental stressors, diagnostic approaches and poor management practices-will aid in the development of treatments that will stop the disease's spread and, consequently, lower the financial losses incurred by the shrimp industry.
Keywords: White Feces Syndrome (WFS), management strategies, shrimp L. vannamei