Evaluation of Multimodal Anesthesia Using Butorphanol-Ketamine-Diazepam with and without Lumbosacral Epidural Block in Cesarean Sections in Pigs
Mahesh Kumar
Division of Surgery, ICAR-IVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, India.
Uttam Kumar Sahu
Division of Animal Reproduction, ICAR-IVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, India.
T Sai Kumar
Division of Surgery, ICAR-IVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, India.
Kiranjeet Singh *
Division of Surgery, ICAR-IVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, India.
Aswathy Gopinathan
Division of Surgery, ICAR-IVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, India.
Bhanu Pratap Singh
Division of Surgery, ICAR-IVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, India.
Piyush Rajput
Division of Animal Reproduction, ICAR-IVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, India.
Kamalesh Kumar KS
Division of Surgery, ICAR-IVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, India.
Brijesh Kumar
Division of Animal Reproduction, ICAR-IVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, India.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
This study evaluated two anesthetic protocols for cesarean sections in pigs: butorphanol-ketamine-diazepam (BKD) alone versus BKD combined with lumbosacral epidural block (BKDE). Twelve sows were divided into BKD (n=6; IV butorphanol 0.2 mg/kg, ketamine 10 mg/kg, diazepam 2 mg/kg) and BKDE (n=6; half systemic dose plus epidural lidocaine 2%, 1 mL/10 kg) group. Results showed BKDE provided superior analgesia (105±8 vs 75±6 min, p<0.01) with 50% less ketamine while maintaining surgical anesthesia, better hemodynamic stability (MAP 85±5 vs 72±8 mmHg, p<0.05), faster recovery (standing time 45±5 vs 75±10 min, p<0.01), and improved neonatal outcomes (Apgar 8-9 vs 6-7, p<0.01) with no stillbirths compared to BKD group. The study concludes that BKDE offers enhanced surgical conditions, reduced systemic drug requirements, and better maternal-fetal outcomes, making it a superior choice for porcine cesarean sections.
Keywords: Butorphanol, cesarean section, epidural anesthesia, ketamine, neonatal viability, Pig